Keep Your Guitar Plugged In
I was trolling some sites dealing with getting better at guitar today, looking for tips on how to develop my practice routine, when I ran across this interesting tip. In a nutshell, the recommendation is to leave your guitar equipment set up in your practice space, lowering the “activation energy” to getting started as much as possible. If you keep your equipment packed up and put away, the mere effort of unpacking and setting up may be enough to crush your motivation to practice. After all, it’s not every day that you have a powerful drive to practice – more commonly, you simply remember that you’re “supposed” to practice, and it’s only after playing for a little while that you get back into the groove. The faster and more easily you can do that, the more likely you are to have a productive session each day.
Motivation is a fragile thing – it comes unpredictably, and if neglected it fades quickly. This is true for not just music, but everything – language practice included. How to “keep your Japanese plugged in” will differ depending on what your practice routine consists of, but for me it includes having Anki open at startup, keeping my books open on my desk, having podcasts and movies set up in advance, and having my electronic dictionary available in my top desk drawer. Japanese posters and wall hangings help too.
Spend a little time brainstorming how you can keep your Japanese plugged in, and you’re sure to find yourself practicing longer and more often!
Remembering the Kanji
The number of textbooks that have made a big difference in my study of Japanese is pretty small – the bulk of my learning has come from natural language materials. There are a couple, though, that I have read from back to front, side to side, and backwards, and send Christmas presents to the authors of. Remembering the Kanji, RTK for short, is one of those textbooks.
You might remember the first time you saw a Japanese newspaper (unless you thought it was Chinese, but that’s okay, go ahead and remember that instead, it doesn’t change my point). It looked like a seething mass of arcane scribblings, right? Kanji (the Japanese word for the characters used in both Japanese and Chinese) present the greatest barrier to Japanese literacy, and as such is the aspect of the language that learners tend to have the most difficulty with. Apart from a few of the simplest ones, most kanji are near incomprehensible to the untrained eye, and many are similar enough to occasionally confuse even native Japanese. In fact, the business of kanji training is biggest in Japan itself – even educated adults spend time on kanji books, video games, and TV shows much in the same way that English speakers might work on building their vocabulary.
RTK is one man’s attempt to turn those arcane scribblings into beautiful snowflakes that lend beauty and richness, rather than frustration, to the language.
The man is James Heisig, and the system is simple:
- Start with the simplest characters and build up to more complex ones.
- Assign a simple English keyword to each character to act as a memory anchor.
- Determine the building blocks (“primitives” in Heisig’s terminology) comprising each character, and give each one a vivid image.
- For each character, create an image or story linking the keyword to all of the primitives involved in the kanji and their positions.
- When reviewing, reconstruct the character starting with the keyword, which reminds you of the story, which tells you the primitives and where to put them.
Those of you familiar with mnemonic devices may find nothing special about this system, unless you try to do all this by yourself. Step 1, the ordering of the characters, is a monumental undertaking in itself. Assigning the keywords so that no two characters are too similar is a logistical nightmare, and splitting up the primitives intelligently has its own special pitfalls. In essence, Heisig has done for you everything that doesn’t contribute to your memory of the characters and their mnemonics – he has built the skeleton for you to gnaw the sweet, juicy kanji meat off of. Vegetarians may prefer to think of some sort of tree/fruit metaphor instead.
Note that this book will not teach you everything about the characters you are learning. You will learn two things for each character: how to write it, and one English keyword that gives a meaning for it. You won’t even get the full meaning of each character, since many kanji have multiple possible English meanings. This means that you should not expect to complete this book and be able to read anything immediately. In fact, you might even say that after completing the book you haven’t really learned any Japanese yet.
That doesn’t mean that you haven’t learned anything though. This is about the mechanics of how memory works. When a learner attempts to learn kanji “cold”, there is nothing for them to connect to in his mind (like cold meat from the refrigerator – limp, lifeless, forgettable, and they all taste the same. Vegetarians may be out of luck here). You have an image, and maybe a word or two, but nothing to anchor them to. As a result they tend to slip away quite easily, an experience that I’m sure many beginners can relate to. The RTK system helps you to create an anchor point for each kanji, which you will later link to readings, compounds, and vocabulary. You might say that it primes your mind to receive the language.
From my own personal experience, I can tell you that the greatest strength of RTK is that it changes kanji from intimidating to friendly. Before RTK I used to dread reading kanji-heavy texts, since without knowing the readings or meanings it was just gibberish, forcing me to look up almost every word. After completing RTK though, or even starting from about halfway through the book, I began to find that kanjified texts were actually easier to read than kana-only texts, since I was able to link most of the kanji to English keywords hinting at their meanings. New vocabulary became easier to learn and remember since I was able to link it to the kanji already in my memory.
Perhaps most importantly, I stopped confusing similar looking kanji with each other. This is something even Japanese natives struggle with sometimes, but having each character broken down and learned as primitives makes the problem almost trivial. When have you ever been able to start with an advantage over native speakers?
The greatest weakness of RTK is the investment of time and committment it requires. It takes a great deal of faith to spend roughly 2-4 months (for the average learner, though it can be done much faster if you have enough time on your hands) without actually learning any concrete, practical language. This makes it a bit much for casual students to handle. For anyone serious about attaining Japanese fluency, and especially literacy, though, I can assure you that the time invested in RTK will pay for itself over and over again.
If you’re still not sold, why not try out the system for yourself? Mr. Heisig has made the first 1/3 of the book available for free. Many public and university libraries also carry the book. Once you’re ready to buy, the 5th edition (the most recent edition) is in print and available from Amazon.com. Note that this post describes RTK books 1 and 3; book 2 attempts to treat the kanji readings systematically, but it doesn’t work nearly as well.
I intend to devote a separate post to describing it in detail, but for now, Reviewing the Kanji is an excellent resource for those already on the RTK path of glory. It’s a website that allows you to share your kanji stories with other RTKers, and look at other users’ stories when you get stuck. It also allows you to review the characters from keyword to kanji with its online, SRS-enabled flashcard system. I pretty much consider it a necessary companion to the book.
Spaced Repetition
This is probably the most important piece of information that I can impart to you.
Spaced repetition completely changed my world. When I was lost on the streets of Tokyo, Spaced Repetition rescued me. It gave me food when I was hungry, water when I was thirsty, and medicine when I was sick. It helped me discover what could potentially be a new treatment for colon cancer. It has saved hundreds, if not thousands of trees without a single protest march. It has let me meet countless cute girls both in and out of bars.
Okay, I’m exaggerating a little bit. I have an exact count of how many girls it helped me meet.
What Is It?
Put simply, Spaced Repetition is a system for putting information into long-term memory as efficiently as possible. It involves learning something, and then reviewing it, and then reviewing it again later, and then reviewing it again even later.
The trick is in the increasingly long intervals between the reviews, which reflects how information is stored and reinforced in your memory. Ideally, the intervals should be calibrated so that you review an item just before you would have forgotten it, thus achieving maximum time efficiency with your reviews.
Simple right? Simple but extremely powerful, and set up correctly you can be confident of never forgetting things that you learn this way.
Neato, But How Can I Apply It To Japanese?
If you’re like me, in the process of learning Japanese you have probably created flashcards at some point. Maybe even a lot of flashcards, bags and boxes full. If you’re tech savvy/environmentally conscious/living in a small apartment, you might be using a computerized flashcard program instead. You also probably review those flashcards by taking a deck and reviewing it from top to bottom, discarding cards you get correct and reinserting those you miss back into the deck to be reviewed again. After you’re done, you put the cards away and probably never look at them again (or at least not once you pass the exam, amirite?). Flashcards are a great way to learn material, but reviewing them in the traditional way makes it impossible to use them to go back and cover old material – there are simply too many cards to manage.
Enter Sebastian Leitner. This guy, when he wasn’t fighting the Nazi takeover of Austria or languishing in a Soviet prison cell, thought a lot about spaced repetition and flashcards. He developed a system of boxes to put the flashcards in depending on how well he knew them.
Box 1 contains new or frequently forgotten cards, and later boxes contain progressively better-learned cards. Box 1 is reviewed daily, Box 2 every 3 days, Box 3 every 5 days, etc. When a card is reviewed successfully, it is “promoted” to the next box; on failure, it is demoted all the way back to Box 1. The end result is a very substantial increase in memory retention, as well as a substantial reduction in number of flashcards, number of boxes, and number of mice living in nests made from old neglected boxes.
Sounds Awesome, Where Do I Sign Up?
Well, you could make your own set of Leitner boxes and start sorting your flashcards into them. Or, you could take advantage of all the cool technological advances we as a society have enjoyed since the fall of Nazi Germany and have a computer program do it all for you!
I personally use Anki for all of my flashcard and spaced repetition needs. Anki is free, current and actively maintained by a very talented developer, and through plugins has great features specific for Japanese learning. There are also a growing number of pre-made Anki decks available on the internet for various Japanese learning resources. Anki even allows you to synchronize your personal decks and review schedules to a centralized server, allowing you to catch up on your reviews from anywhere you can access the internet.
If for whatever reason Anki doesn’t float your boat, Mnemosyne is another good option I have used in the past.
There are many other options available, but one that I would urge caution on is SuperMemo. SuperMemo predates most spaced repetition programs out there, and has a very broad feature set for studying many different kinds of material. In my experience, however, it is difficult to learn to use, frequently buggy, and system resource heavy, not to mention the fact that it is commercial software. What you gain in learning efficiency you may easily lose in simple usage efficiency. As other (free) programs are quickly catching up (or may have already caught up) to SuperMemo’s algorithms and features, I see no reason to go through the long process of making it work and learning to use it properly.
クロノトリガー Review
Video games are one of my favorite ways to study Japanese, but being a poor unemployed musician (okay I’m really not a very good guitarist but “musician” sounds better than “bum”) I a) can’t afford to buy new games, and b) can’t afford to buy a computer/console/handheld that can run them anyway. Luckily, classic gaming is what all the cool kids are doing these days anyway. Console emulation is your best friend when it comes to playing classic Japanese games – consoles up to the PSX can be reliably emulated on even a crappy system like mine. I prefer SNES, mainly for performance reasons. Today I’m going to talk about one of my favorite games, in either Japanese or English, from a Japanese learning perspective, Chrono Trigger.
English Title: Chrono Trigger
Japanese Title: クロノトリガー
System: SNES a.k.a. スーパーファミコン
Genre: RPG
Gameplay Difficulty: Relatively Easy.
Language Difficulty: Intermediate.
Script: Available
Ask any SNES fan what the very best games for the console were, and Chrono Trigger is likely to come out in the top 10, if not higher. With excellent graphics for its time, a complex and engaging story, well-developed characters, and an solid battle system with some innovative features, it is difficult to find flaws in this game. The SNES was a great system for RPGs, and yet Chrono Trigger stood out as one of the best. In any case you can find detailed reviews of its gameplay all over the internet, but what about as a Japanese study tool?
First of all, it helps that it’s a fantastically fun game. If you’ve never played it before, you’re going to want to keep playing, and that alone will supercharge your study. Additionally, it really isn’t that hard. There are relatively few battles in the game you’re likely to have too much trouble with, and most of the puzzles are pretty simplistic (though many of them are quite fun despite that). Thus, most of the difficulty in the game will be just from the language, which is ideal.
Being an RPG, it of course has a lot of dialogue, which is great because dialogue is natural, everyday Japanese. The problem in video games sometimes is what to do when you don’t understand what the dialogue is saying. In Chrono Trigger’s case, there is very little text that will fly by without any confirmation – in other words, if there are words you need to look up, you can make that NPC wait around in mid-sentence while you go find your dictionary by just not pushing “A”. Additionally, to make lookups even easier, there are scripts available for the game (I linked one above) which let you copy and paste any cutscene dialogue straight into the online dictionary of your choice.
While there are some complex topics that get discussed in Chrono Trigger, like time travel and paradoxes, the game seems to be aimed at a younger crowd, so they talk about this stuff in a very simple, down-to-earth way. Sometimes they even have fun little cutscenes with mischievous imps running around illustrating just what they mean by “time paradox”. There are patches of more difficult language, such as one scene where Chrono is on trial, but they are relatively uncommon. Characters with accents do come up, but they not too thick and are generally penetrable with little difficulty.
Finally, kanji usage is at a pretty standard level. Most common/常用 kanji are in use, but words using rare or unusual kanji are often written in kana instead.
I highly recommend Chrono Trigger if you’re into RPGs, and even if you’re not it’s worth giving it a try.
勉強中 